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Cell and its ultrastructure
Introduction
Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells
Diversity in cell structure and function
Cell wall
Plant cell wall
Cell membrane or Plasma membrane
Ultrastructure - Cell membrane models
Functions of cell membrane
Passive transport
Active Transport
Cell organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes or Ribonucleoprotein particles
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Mitochondria function
Chloroplast
Chloroplast function
Cytoskeleton
Cilia and flagella
Nucleic acids
Introduction
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Molecular structure of DNA
Genes
DNA replication
Semiconservative mode of DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl’s experiment (using N15)
Requirements for replication
Mechanism of replication
Forms of DNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Types of RNA
Cloverleaf model of tRNA
Protein synthesis
Introduction
Components of protien synthesis
Mechanism of protien synthesis
Protein synthesis on 70S Ribosomes
Aminoacyl tRNA formation
Initiation of protein synthesis
Elongation of polypeptide chain
Termination and release of polypeptide chain
Processing of polypeptide chain
Protein synthesis on 80S Ribosomes
Genetic code
Introduction
Historical account
Genetic code
Deciphering the code
Properties of genetic code
Wobble hypothesis
Chromosome
Introduction
Definition of chromosomes
Chromosome number
Genome
Chromosome size
Morphology of chromosomes
Primary constriction or centric constriction
Types
Secondary constriction
Karyotype and Idiogram
Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
The chemistry of chromosomes
Internal structure of chromosomes
Nucleosome model
Function of chromosomes
Cell division
MITOSIS
Introduction
Mitosis
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Mitotic apparatus
Differences in mitosis between animal and plants cells
Centrioles and asters
Significance of Mitosis
MEIOSIS
Meiosis
Introduction
Premiotic interphase
First Meiotic division or Meiosis
Zygonema
Pachytene
Synaptonemal complex and recombination
Diplonema
Theories of chiasmata formation
The mechanism of crossing-over
Diakinesis
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I and Interkinesis
Second meiotic division or Meiosis II
Cytokinesis