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Cell and its ultrastructure

Introduction

Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells

Diversity in cell structure and function

Cell wall

Plant cell wall

Cell membrane or Plasma membrane

Ultrastructure - Cell membrane models

Functions of cell membrane

Passive transport

Active Transport

Cell organelles

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes or Ribonucleoprotein particles

Golgi complex

Lysosomes

Mitochondria

Mitochondria function

Chloroplast

Chloroplast function

Cytoskeleton

Cilia and flagella

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Activity - Single choice

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Nucleic acids

Introduction

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Molecular structure of DNA

Genes

DNA replication

Semiconservative mode of DNA replication

Meselson and Stahl’s experiment (using N15)

Requirements for replication

Mechanism of replication

Forms of DNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Types of RNA

Cloverleaf model of tRNA

Protein synthesis

Introduction

Components of protien synthesis

Mechanism of protien synthesis

Protein synthesis on 70S Ribosomes

Aminoacyl tRNA formation

Initiation of protein synthesis

Elongation of polypeptide chain

Termination and release of polypeptide chain

Processing of polypeptide chain

Protein synthesis on 80S Ribosomes

Genetic code

Introduction

Historical account

Genetic code

Deciphering the code

Properties of genetic code

Wobble hypothesis

Chromosome

Introduction

Definition of chromosomes

Chromosome number

Genome

Chromosome size

Morphology of chromosomes

Primary constriction or centric constriction

Types

Secondary constriction

Karyotype and Idiogram

Heterochromatin and Euchromatin

The chemistry of chromosomes

Internal structure of chromosomes

Nucleosome model

Function of chromosomes

Cell division

MITOSIS

Introduction

Mitosis

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Mitotic apparatus

Differences in mitosis between animal and plants cells

Centrioles and asters

Significance of Mitosis

MEIOSIS

Meiosis

Introduction

Premiotic interphase

First Meiotic division or Meiosis

Zygonema

Pachytene

Synaptonemal complex and recombination

Diplonema

Theories of chiasmata formation

The mechanism of crossing-over

Diakinesis

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I and Interkinesis

Second meiotic division or Meiosis II

Cytokinesis

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